Systems and methods for creating on-demand routes for powered industrial vehicles

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for creating in a facility on-demand routes for powered industrial vehicles to transport cargo efficiently. In one embodiment, an on-demand route generation module receives receiving a request to move cargo. The module analyzes data about the current location, the current tasking, and the driver availability of PIVs in operation. Based on the information, the module creates an on-demand route through the facility and sends a notification to an assigned PIV to pick up the cargo and carry it on the defined on-demand route.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/084,489, filed Apr. 11, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/416,614, filed May 3, 2006, and claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/775,440, filed Feb. 21,2006, the entire disclosure of each of which is incorporated byreference in its entirety herein. This application is also related tothe following applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/417,007, filed May 3, 2006, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FORMANAGING POWERED INDUSTRIAL VEHICLES”; and (2) U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/417,009, filed May 3, 2006, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODSFOR CREATING ROUTES FOR POWERED INDUSTRIAL VEHICLES”. Each of theabove-referenced patent applications is hereby incorporated by referencein its entirety herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to management of industrial vehicles. Moreparticularly, the invention relates to management of such vehicles inenvironments such as facilities, including for example, plants,construction sites, warehouses, docks, airports, campus, and otherspecified mapped areas.

2. Description of the Related Art

In many cargo-handling environments such as warehousing environments,cargo is transported throughout a warehouse by powered industrialvehicles (PIVs). In larger warehouses, it is not uncommon for a morethan one hundred PIVs to be operating within the warehouse at the sametime. In these large warehouses, it is difficult to track the locationof each PIV and to distribute the work load evenly among all PIVs,because it is difficult to ascertain the availability of a PIV at anygiven moment. Sometimes, a PIV may be constantly on the run throughoutthe day, carrying cargo from one location to the next. At the same time,other PIVs may be sitting idle with very little work to do.

Many factors can affect the utilization of a particular PIV. Forexample, if PIVs are assigned regular delivery routes, it may be thatsome routes are significantly busier than others. Moreover, some PIVoperators may be more experienced and skilled than others, which resultsin dispatchers seeking to use these drivers as much as possible. Otherfactors affecting the utilization of PIVs may include the familiarity ofthe operator with the layout of the workspace in which he is operating.For example, in a large warehouse environment, drivers with superiorknowledge of the warehouse environment may be able to reach deliverydestinations more efficiently than those without that knowledge. Themotivation of the operator of the PIV may also play a role in a PIV'srate of utilization. Some operators may be more motivated and mayactively seek out additional work. Other operators may be lessmotivated, and fail to quickly return to a dispatch area to receive anadditional assignment. Uneven usage of PIVs can lead to problems inscheduling maintenance (which often depends on utilization rate).Therefore, it would be a valuable improvement to provide a system inwhich utilization of PIVs can be evenly distributed among an entirefleet of PIVs to ensure balanced PIV workload capacity that meetsdynamic workload demand profiles.

Existing schemes for managing PIV fleets also suffer from an inabilityto easily provide an operator of the PIV with information that may helpthe operator more effectively do his job. FIG. 1 provides a flowchart ofa process that illustrates some of these difficulties. At block 1, cargoarrives at a facility for unloading by a PIV. At block 2, the PIVarrives at a loading dock in the facility. However, in order to accept aload from the inbound truck the PIV must be unassigned and not carryingcargo. Thus at decision block 3, the process determines whether the PIVis already assigned. If the PIV is not already assigned, the processproceeds to block 4, where the PIV picks up the cargo and destinationassignment. The process then proceeds to block 5. If it was determinedin block 3 that the PIV is already carrying cargo when it arrives at theloading dock, the process skips down to block 5.

At block 5, the PIV operator must determine whether he knows thelocation of the delivery destination for the cargo. Some warehouseenvironments may span 75 acres or more, so if the PIV operator does notknow the location for delivery, he must first obtain this information inblock 6 before the process then proceeds to block 7. If, in block 5, thePIV operator is familiar with the destination of the cargo, the processskips to block 7. At block 7, the PIV operator proceeds to the deliverydestination. Unfortunately, in larger warehouses, the operator may notknow the most direct route to his destination, so often times the chosenroute is not an optimal route for traversing the facility. Next, atblock 8, the PIV arrives at its destination and delivers its cargo. Fromthat point, the PIV operator must return to the loading dock to receiveanother assignment.

The process shown in FIG. 1 is inefficient because the operator of thePIV does not have easy access to relevant data that may help him moreefficiently operate the PIV. For example, upon delivering the cargo inblock 8 of FIG. 1, there may be additional cargo at a nearby locationthat needs to be returned to the loading dock. However, in the system ofin FIG. 1, the PIV must return to the loading dock to receive a dispatchassignment, and only then will it proceed to that new location to pickupthe cargo.

Another problem associated with the operation of PIVs in existingwarehousing environments stems from the difficulty associated withpredicting PIV workloads in advance. Sometimes, unexpected shipments mayarrive at the warehouse facility, leading to an unusually heavy volumeof cargo that must be transported throughout the facility. Theseunanticipated spikes in arriving cargo tend to result in unevenutilization and inefficient scheduling of PIVs and their operators, asoperators may need to be called in and work overtime to handle theunexpected spike in cargo volume.

Significant costs may also be incurred as a result of unauthorized orunlicensed operators taking control of PIVs and operating them unsafely.Moreover because PIVs may be dispatched for long periods of time, if aPIV is involved in an accident, it is very difficult to track when andwhere the accident occurred, or even who was responsible. Therefore itwould be a valuable improvement to provide a system in which operatorscould be associated with PIVs and data could be collected regarding theoperator's control of the PIV.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The system, method, and devices of the invention each have severalaspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirableattributes. Without limiting the scope of this invention, several of itsfeatures will now be discussed briefly.

In one embodiment, a networked PIV management system is provided. Thesystem comprises a PIV analyzer module configured to determine PIV routedata through a facility based on facility layout data, the facilitylayout data being electronically generated by a software mapping tooland the route data substantially comprising an optimal route between twopoints in the warehouse; a PIV dispatch management module configured toreceive a request to transport a cargo from a first location to a secondlocation in the warehouse, the PIV dispatch management module beingfurther configured to receive route data from the PIV analyzer tool andselect, based at least in part on the route data and a location of thefirst location, a PIV for transporting the cargo; and a surfacevisibility module configured to track the cargo after it is transferredfrom the first location to the second location by receiving scannedbarcode data from the cargo via a scanner connected to the network.

In another embodiment, a computer-implemented method of managing the useof PIVs comprises receiving a request to transport cargo from a firstlocation to a second location; selecting a PIV to carry out the request,the request being based on at least one of a current location of the PIVwithin the facility, the status of an operator of the PIV, and amaintenance schedule of the PIV. The method further includes sending anotification to the PIV about the request, the notification including acargo identification code, a cargo location, a cargo destination, and anoptimal route; and receiving an acknowledgement from the PIV of receiptof the notification.

In yet another embodiment, a method is provided for creating on-demandroutes for PIVs. The method includes receiving a dispatch order forcargo which includes the current location of the cargo and the deliverypoint for the cargo. The method also provides for receiving locationdata, tasking data, driver availability data and battery charge data forsome or all of the PIVs in operation. The method further provides forselecting based on the received data a PIV to pickup the cargo at thebeginning location. Once the PIV has been selected, the system definesan on-demand route from the current location of the selected PIV to thelocation of the cargo and sends the route to the selected PIV.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating an existing method for operating aPIV in a warehouse environment.

FIG. 2 is a front elevation view of a facility with a multi stationloading dock.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram providing an aerial view of the layout of afacility.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of various items that may be carried byPIVs throughout a facility.

FIG. 5 is a side elevation view of a PIV.

FIG. 6 is a detailed side view of a trailer which may deliver cargo to aloading dock according to aspects of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a front view of a barcoded container loaded with barcodedtrays according to one or more aspects of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a PIV facility management system inaccordance with aspects of the invention.

FIG. 9 is detailed view of a PIV, including a block diagram of anoperator interface for use in accordance with aspects of the invention.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing various inputs and outputs to asurface visibility module according to one more embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing the PIV dispatch management moduleaccording to aspects of the invention.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a PIV interface module alongwith various inputs and outputs which may be used in accordance withaspects of the invention.

FIG. 13 it is a block diagram illustrating a PIV data analysis modulewhich may be used in accordance with aspects of the invention.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a labor scheduling module which may beused in accordance with aspects of the invention.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a PIV maintenance management tool inaccordance with aspects of the invention.

FIG. 16 provides a block diagram of a facility access to shipmenttracking module that may be used in accordance with aspects of theinvention.

FIG. 17 is a flow chart illustrating a method for managing a fleet ofPIVs in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 18 is a flow chart illustrating a method for creating on-demandroutes for PIVs in accordance with one or more embodiments of theinvention.

In this description, reference is made to the drawings wherein likeparts are designated with like numerals throughout.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Various embodiments of the invention provide for a system and method forcollecting interrelated data to achieve automation of the operation andmanagement of PIVs in a cargo-handling environment.

Aspects of the invention may be practiced in various environments inwhich PIVs are utilized including, but not limited to, docks, hotels,campuses, airports, and warehouses. In an embodiment described herein,aspects of the invention may be implemented in a facility 100 as shownin FIG. 2. As noted above, the facility 100 may be any of a number ofdifferent types of operating environments in which PIVs are used fortransporting materials between locations. By way of example and not oflimitation, the facility 100 may be a fulfillment warehouse, a factory,a shipment facility, a mail processing facility, or some other facilityin which PIVs are used to transport materials or cargo.

The facility 100 may include a loading dock 102. The loading dock 102 isa platform where vehicles such as trucks or trains can be loaded orunloaded. The loading dock 102 may be a raised platform that allowslarge trailers to be positioned in front of it so that the bed of atrailer is positioned at a similar height as the platform of the loadingdock 102.

FIG. 3 provides an overhead view of the exemplary facility 100. Thefacility 100 may include one or more areas where cargo may be picked upor delivered. In one embodiment, such areas may be referred to aslocations 140. A location 140, as used herein, refers to a machinelocation or area such as a processing area in the facility 100. In oneembodiment, the facility 100 is a mail processing facility, in whichlocations 140 may include mail sorting devices which receive stacks ofmail and sort them into various trays by scanning the parcels andcategorizing them based on criteria such as class of mail, the finaldestination, routing information, or based on some other information. Alocation 140 may also be an incoming loading dock 102 or an outgoingloading dock 102. Cargo such as postal mail that enters the facility 100may be routed to one or more locations within the facility 100 prior tobeing routed to the outgoing loading dock 102 for transportation toanother facility on a trailer 104 (or some other transportation device),or to its ultimate destination.

The facility 100 may also include several radio frequency identification(RFID) scanners 107 positioned to provide scanning coverage to variousareas of the facility. In one embodiment, the RFID scanners may beplaced about fifty feet from one another to provide complete coverage ofthe facility. One of skill in the art will appreciate, however, thatdepending on the particular RFID scanning technology employed, thisdistance may be greater or less than fifty feet, and still providecomplete coverage of the facility. In some embodiments, the RFIDscanners 107 may take the faun of gateway beacons which provide agateway to the surface visibility module 2006, the PIV dispatchmanagement module 2000 and the PIV data analysis module 2002 via anEthernet or fiber optic network. Also, in some embodiments, the networkmay be a private dedicated network that is separate from a larger WANenvironment.

The RFID reader 107 may receive radio frequencies from either active orpassive RFID tags that may be placed on PIVs 116, trailers 104, or itemsof cargo. The RFID readers 107 query RFID tags in order to obtainidentification, location, and other information about the PIVs,trailers, or cargo devices carrying the tags. FIG. 3 illustrates how aplurality of locations may be distributed throughout the facility 100.As is apparent from the diagram, PIVs 116 may travel throughout thefacility from location to location and may return to a loading dock 102to pick up additional cargo for transport to another location in thefacility 100.

Referring now to FIG. 4, an exemplary embodiment of cargo that may betransported within facility 100 is shown. Although in the example shownand described the cargo is related to postal operations, one of skill inthe art will readily appreciate that cargo may include any material thatis transported within a facility by a PIV. For example the materials mayinclude cargo to be delivered such as parts, commercial goods, fooditems, or any materials that may be transported from a first location toa second location. In the illustrated embodiment, a tray 108 includesparcels of mail to be delivered to an intended destination. The tray 108may include a barcode 110, which may provide information about thedestination for the mail that is in the tray 108. For example, traybarcode 110 may include information regarding a final zip codedestination for the items in the tray 108. FIG. 4 also illustrates acontainer 106, which may be used for storage or stacking one or moretrays 108. The container 106 may be a shipping container such as thatshown in FIG. 4 which allows the trays 108 to be stacked in an orderlymanner. The container 106 may have a set of wheels which allows it to berolled from a vehicle on to the loading dock 102 and into the facility100. Alternatively, the container 106 may include skids or slots forreceiving prongs from a forklift or some other PIV for transportationthrough the facility 100.

The containers 106 may also include a container identification barcode112 affixed to the body of the container. The container identificationbarcode 112 may be used to uniquely identify the container, although notnecessarily the contents or materials transported in the container.Alternatively, the container identification barcode may also includeinformation related to the contents of the container 106. The containeridentification barcode 112 and the tray barcode 110 may each be scannedby a barcode scanner 114 which may read the barcodes and store thesevalues in a memory or transmit the values for storage in a database.

Referring now to FIG. 5, an example of a powered industrial vehicle(PIV) 116 is provided. PIV 116 may be any number of different types ofvehicles, including forklifts, motorized carts, or any other vehiclethat can be used to transport cargo or other materials within thefacility 100. A PIV 116 may include a wireless transceiver 126configured to send and receive data wirelessly. Wireless transceiver 126may take the form of an RFID receiver, or it may work in conjunctionwith an RFID tag placed on the PIV 116 to transmit identifyinginformation. The RFID receiver may also be a transponder/transceiverdevice. The RFID tag/receiver allows the wireless transceiver 126 totransmit the location of the PIV 116 over a network. In otherembodiments, wireless transceiver 126 may be a GPS transmitter/receiver,or a GSM cellular transmitter or receiver which may be used to pinpointa location of the PIV 116 and report the location by sending a textmessage over a mobile phone network.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a more detailed example of a trailer 104 isprovided. Trailer 104 may include a trailer identification barcode 120located, for example, on its outer surface at eye-level so that it maybe scanned by a detector such as scanner 114. The trailer identificationbarcode 120 may be used to uniquely identify the trailer 104 whenscanned by the scanner 114. The trailer identification barcode 120 maybe scanned by the scanner 114 upon arrival or dispatch at loading dock102 so that the system can insure accurate and timely loading andunloading of the trailer 104. The trailer 104 may also include a GPSreceiver 148, which is configured to be used in conjunction with aglobal positional system to track the location of the trailer 104.

FIG. 7 is a more detailed view of a container 106. In the exampleprovided, the container 106 is loaded with thirty trays 108 and each ofthe trays includes a tray barcode 110 located, for example, on itsexterior shell where it can be easily scanned by the scanner 114. Thebarcode 110 includes information associated with the destination of thetray 108. This information may include an identifier which can beassociated with data stored in a database which is related to theidentifier. For example, the scanner 114 may scan the barcode and fromthat scan receive the identifier. The identifier may be sent by thescanner to a database which stores additional information about the tray108, such as the destination zip code for the cargo in the tray, or thetray's next delivery location 140 within the facility 100. The databasemay be stored on the scanner 114 in a storage area, or it may be storedremotely, accessible to the scanner 114 via the network 130.

The container 106 may also include a container identification barcode112 located on an exterior portion of the container 106 and not shown inFIG. 7. Locating the container identification barcode on the exteriorportion of the container 106 allows the barcode to be scanned withoutdifficulty. The container identification barcode 112 may be used touniquely identify the container much in the same way that a licenseplate may identify an automobile. In addition to the containeridentification barcode 112, the container may also include a secondbarcode, the container destination barcode 119, which may be placed onthe container 106 by attaching a removable placard 118 to the outersurface of the container 106.

The container destination barcode 119 may include information which canbe used to identify the destination and the routing information for thecontainer 106. In one embodiment, the routing information may bepredetermined based on the destination information. For example, if thedestination of the container is a location 140 in the facility 100, therouting information may be based on a predefined route from the loadingdock to the location that is stored either in the scanner 114 or in adatabase accessible via the network 130. Alternatively, if thedestination is another facility, the routing information may be derivedfrom a mapping table which stores shipping routes between variousfacilities. When a container 106 reaches a new location, a user of ahandheld scanner 114 may scan the container identification barcode 112and then scan the container destination barcode 119 to associate thecontainer 106 with its new location.

Because the placard 118 is removable, when the container reaches thedestination indicated by the container destination barcode 119, theplacard 118 may be removed and replaced with another placard 118. Thenew placard 118 may have a new container destination barcode 119 whichmay then be scanned and associated with the container identificationbarcode 112.

In some embodiments, the various barcodes described above may alsoinclude RFID tags embedded or associated with the barcodes. By includingRFID tags that are associated with the barcodes, the RFID scanners 107or gateway beacons located throughout the facility 100 may read the RFIDtags, and based on the location of the scanner reading the tag,determine the location of the barcode and its associated cargo.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a PIV facility management system 1000 thatmay be implemented in a network according to one or more aspects of theinvention. The details of various exemplary components of the network130 shown in FIG. 8 will be described below with reference to FIGS.10-16. Various system components of the management system 1000 may be incommunication with each other via a computer network 130. The computernetwork 130 may be any of a number of different types of computernetworks such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN),an ATM network, an ISDN network, a token ring network, anintranet/extranet, or some other network environment. The computernetwork 130 may include a series of routers, hubs, access points, orother components for sending and receiving data across the network fromone component to the next. Various computer systems may be connected tothe computer network 130. These connections may be wired connections,wireless connections, or a combination of both.

In one embodiment, a PIV 116 may include a wireless transceiver 126 thatconnects wirelessly to the computer network 130. Similarly, the barcodescanners 114 may also connect wirelessly with network 130 to share datawith other devices connected to the network. Through this wirelessnetwork connection, the barcode scanners 114 may be configured to scanbarcodes at the loading dock 102 and other areas of the warehousefacility 100 and quickly send scanned data to other system components.

Also connected to the network 130 are various other computer systemsexamples of which will be described in greater detail below. Thesecomponents include a PIV dispatch management module 2000 which managesdispatch of PIVs to warehouse locations 140 and a PIV interface module,which provides PIV-specific data to the network. Also connected tonetwork 130 is a PIV data analysis module 2004, which performspredictive analysis of data supplied by various other system components.The network 130 may also send/receive data from a surface visibilitymodule 2006 which may be used to track materials such as containers 106,trailers 104, and trays 108, as they arrive at the facility 100 and aretransported through various locations within the facility. The network130 may also be connected to a labor scheduling tool 2008 which may beused to schedule shifts for PIV operators based on manpower needs. Thenetwork 130 may also include a PIV maintenance management module 2010which may be used to schedule both preventative and unanticipatedmaintenance for the PIVs 116. The PIV facility management system 1000may also include a facility access and shipment tracking module 2012which may be used to track irregular or large shipments into thefacility 100. In an embodiment where the facility is a mail processingfacility, the facility access and shipment tracking module 2012 may beused to track incoming bulk mail shipments that are typically comprisedof cargo from a single sender, such as magazines or catalogs.

Additional system components may also be connected to the network 130,and one of skill in the art will appreciate that the various componentsdescribed herein may be embodied in various hardware and softwareconfigurations without departing from the scope and sprit of theinvention disclosed herein. For example, in one embodiment, each moduledescribed above may be a separate server configured to performspecialized functions. In other embodiments, various modules may becombined into a single server system. Moreover, one of skill in the artwill also appreciate that data may be shared among these various systemsby way of any number of common data formats such as XML, EDI, or someother data format so long as it is machine readable by both the sendingand receiving device.

As shown in FIG. 9A, the PIV 116 may be connected to the network 130 byway of a wireless transceiver 126. In one embodiment, a PIV 116 mayinclude an interface module 2002. The interface module 2002 may be acomputing device such as a mobile computer placed in the PIV 116 whichis configured to communicate with a network 130 and via the wirelesstransceiver 126. The interface module 2002 may include a storage deviceor memory for storing data about the PIV. The storage device on theinterface module 2002 may store data including measurements by varioussensors 138 that may be installed on the PIV 116. By way of example, PIV116 may include an odometric sensor that measure distances traveled bythe PIV. The PIV 116 may also have various weight sensors that may workin conjunction with the odometric sensor. The weight sensors may measurethe weight of cargo carried by the PIV at a given time or for a givendistance. Some PIVs may have both lifting capacity and towing capacitydue to having a forklift apparatus on the front and a towing apparatuson the rear, for example. These dual-capable PIVs 116 may includemultiple weight sensors in order to measure both the weight borne by theforklift, and the weight towed by the towing apparatus. Together, theodometric sensors and the weight sensors may determine the distancetraveled by the PIV while carrying cargo and while not carrying cargo.The PIV 116 may also include a speedometer to measure speed, and speedmeasurements may also be stored in the interface module 2002. In oneembodiment, speed measurements are stored every couple of seconds sothat the stored data may be analyzed for traffic pattern analysis. Inother embodiments, speed measurement exceeding a certain threshold maybe stored so that driver safety issues may be analyzed based on thedata. The PIV may also include battery sensors which measure batterycharge data and store it in the interface module 2002. PIVs 116 may alsoinclude fuel sensors which are in communication with the interfacemodule 2002 which provide additional real-time operating data about thePIV 116.

In one embodiment, the interface module 2002 may include a userinterface 132. Alternatively, the user interface 132 may be a separatecomponent that is in electrical communication with the interface module2002. The user interface 132 may be used by the operator of the PIV tosend and receive data from the network 130 (via the network transceiver126 or some other means). The data may include information such as cargopickup locations, cargo destination locations, route maps, or otherdata. The user interface 132 may be positioned in close proximity to theoperating controls of the PIV so that the operator of the PIV is able tosafely interact with the user interface 132 while operating the PIV 116.

In another embodiment, the user interface 132 may be fully integratedinto the operating controls of the PIV, allowing the PIV operator tocontrol the operation of the PIV and to send and receive datacommunications through a single unified interface. The PIV 116 may alsoinclude additional sensors 138 which may be configured to detectcollisions involving the PIV and send data about each collision to theinterface module 2002, which may then send the data back to themaintenance management module 2010 via the wireless transceiver 126.Alternatively, the sensors 138 may be configured to send collision datadirectly to the network 130, bypassing PIV interface module 2002.

In some embodiments, the interface module 2002 may be configured toperform certain actions upon receiving notice of a collision event fromthe impact sensors 138. For example, the interface module 2002 may beconfigured to safely shut the PIVs motor off when a collision occurs.Shutting down the PIV when a collision occurs allows identification ofthe operator of the PIV involved in the collision in multi-operatorenvironments. The shut down action of the interface module 2002 may bebased on a threshold collision force such that minor collisions do notcause the PIV to be shut down, but major impacts are addressed. Inaddition, the threshold may be configured to account for differentoperating environments. For example, in an older facility with pot holesand other types of imperfections in the travel surface, the thresholdmay be set somewhat higher, so that the normal operation of the PIV doesnot result in a shut down event.

Referring now to FIG. 9B, the user interface 132 may include a display134. The display may be any one of the number of different types ofdisplays including an LCD display with a touch screen functionality aCRT display, or some other type of display. The display may be used todisplay information received in the user interface from a data sourcesuch as the network 130 via the wireless transceiver 126. The userinterface 132 may also include an input device 136 such as a keypadwhich may be used by the PIV operator to enter data into the interfacemodule 2002 for communication to other network components via thewireless transceiver 126. Although the input device 136 shown in FIG. 9Bis a keypad, one of skill in the art will appreciate that the inputdevice may take many different forms. For example, the input device 136may be a touchpad, a touch screen accessible via a stylus, a microphoneconfigured to receive voice data and work in conjunction with a voicerecognition system, or some other input device such as a computer mouseor standard keyboard.

In some embodiments, the interface module 2002 may be configured topermit selective access to the operating controls of the PIV 116. By wayof example and not of limitation, in one embodiment, the interfacemodule may include a database of authorized operators for the PIV. Inorder for an operator to access the PIV, the operator may be required tologin to the PIV via the user interface 132 and the input device 136.The operator may have user identification and a password that is enteredinto the system. Alternatively, the input could be a voice command, akeycard associated with the operator, or some other input.

The database of authorized operators of the PIV may be specific to thePIV on which it is stored, or it may be a more general type of databasebased on the model of the PIV. For example, the database may include alist of each type or model of PIV, and may include a list of authorizedoperators for each model. The authorization of operators of the PIV maybe based on various qualifying metrics. For example, the system mayrequire that an operator be certified by some governmental entity, suchas OSHA (Occupation and Safety and Health Administration) and that thecertification be current. Thus, the database may be updated regularly toaccount for changes in certification status.

In some embodiments, the database may be downloaded in real-time fromthe network 130 into the interface module 2002 when access to the PIV116 is requested by an operator. This real-time download helps to ensurethat the most up to date certification data is relied upon by the loginroutine. In addition, the real-time download of the data also allows thesystem to prevent multiple simultaneous logins by a single user.Prevention of multiple logins helps to ensure that an unauthorizedoperator does not use another operator's login data to access the PIV116. Alternatively, the interface module 2002 may receive pushed updatesover the network 130 from a centralized server that maintains thecertification data. In one embodiment, the central server may be the PIVdispatch management module 2000. In other embodiments, the centralserver may include a dedicated server that connects to an externaldatabase such as a governmental certification database accessible viathe Internet.

Additionally, the certification database may be configured to trackaccident events or collision events for each operator of the PIV. Thisis possible due to the sensors 138 on the PIV and the requirement thatall operators login to the PIV in order to operate the PIV. Thus, inaddition to requiring a government certification for logging into aparticular PIV, the system may restrict access when a particularoperator has been in one or more collision events. Such a configurationmay provide an additional layer of safety in the operating environment.As noted above, the sensors may include a speedometer which may trackspeeds at which the PIV is operating. If a particular operator exceeds aspeed limit within the facility, this event may be recorded, and may beused to deny authorization to operate PIVs after repeated offenses.

Referring now to FIG. 10, a block diagram illustrating the data flowinto and out of a surface visibility module 2006 is provided. Thesurface visibility module 2006 collects data by receiving scanned dataabout the cargo and vehicles. The surface visibility module 2006 linksthe data to support planning, management, and optimization of thetransportation of the cargo from its original location to its finaldestination. In this sense, the surface visibility module 2006 is anend-to-end cargo tracking solution. The surface visibility module 2006may be implemented as a network-enabled database management system thatis configured to receive data inputs via various inputs sources. Thesurface visibility module 2006 may be implemented as a relationaldatabase, an object-relational database, or an objected-orienteddatabase. Although it may store additional data, the surface visibilitymodule 2006 may record location data for barcoded items in the facility100, and update its database with new information each time a barcode isscanned.

The surface visibility module 2006 receives its data inputs throughvarious means. For example, the PIV location data 2002 may be collectedfrom the RFID tags on the PIV 116 that are read by RFID scanners locatedwithin the warehouse facility 100. The RFID scanners 107 may relay thislocation information to the surface visibility module 2006 where it maybe stored for additional processing.

The surface visibility module 2006 also collects tray/container data1008 via scans of container information barcodes 112, containerdestination barcodes 118, and tray barcodes 110 at all handoff points intheir distribution channels. Although the embodiments described hereinutilize barcode technology for tracking the location or cargo, one ofskill in the art will appreciate that containers, trays and other itemsof cargo may similarly be tracked and located utilizing RFID tags andreaders 107. Handoff points that are scanned into the surface visibilitymodule 2006 may include arrival scans, departure scans, and variousinterim points within facility 100, such as locations 140. The surfacevisibility module 2006 may also receive arrival/departure data 1026which may include information regarding the arrival and departure oftrailers 104 at the loading dock 102 of the warehouse facility 100. Thearrival/departure data 1026 may be captured by scanning the traileridentification barcode 120 upon arrival and departure from the loadingdock 102. Alternatively, each trailer 104 may be equipped with RFID tagsthat are scanned by RFID scanners 107 as they come in proximity to thefacility 100. The surface visibility module 2006 may also receivetrailer loading data 1028. This data may include a trailer spaceutilization measurement based on arrival and departure scans, todetermine whether it is full.

The surface visibility module 2006 may also generate data output basedon the received data inputs. By way of example and not of limitation,the surface visibility module 2006 may generate workload profile data1014 which may be sent to the PIV data analysis module 2004 where it maybe analyzed to predict future volumes of incoming cargo. The workloadprofile data 1014 may include average incoming mail volume for certaintime periods. The surface visibility module 2006 can derive this databased on the number of incoming barcode scans over time. For example, inone embodiment, the surface visibility module will generate workloadprofile data by querying its database to determine the average incomingcargo volume for each hour of the day over the course of two months.This derived data may be further refined to analyze the workload basedon days of the week and hours of the day. Where the surface visibilitydata is stored in a relational database, the workload profile data maybe extracted through the use of SQL select queries as are known in theart. Alternatively, the surface visibility module 2006 may also simplysend raw data to the PIV data analysis module 2004 for analysis, as willbe discussed further below.

In addition to generating workload profile data 1014, the surfacevisibility module may also generate route deviation data 1024 to accountfor changed circumstances within the warehouse facility. Route deviationdata 1024 is data that alters routing information for a particularcontainer 106 or tray 108 based on changed conditions in the facility100 such as an early departure by trailer 104 on which the container 106or tray 108 was to have been loaded prior to its departure. When thisoccurs, the surface visibility module 2006 will identify the next bestdestination for that particular parcel or container, and modify the dataassociated with its barcode accordingly.

Referring now to FIG. 11, a data input/output diagram showing the dataflow for PIV dispatch management module 2000 is provided. PIV dispatchmanagement module 2000 manages the dispatch of PIVs by generatingassignments, in the form of assignment data 1010, for the PIVs to pickup and deliver cargo throughout the facility 100. As used herein, anassignment includes any task given to a PIV and its operator/driverdirecting it to proceed to one or more locations 140 in the facility 100to pick up and/or deliver cargo. In one embodiment, the assignment data1010 may be stored in a relational database table of comprising a set ofassignment records. The assignment records may include, for example, abeginning location, a destination location, a barcode number indicativeof the materials to be included in the assignment, and possibly aPIV/operator associated with the assignment. The assignment data 1010may be sent in the form of a notification message to a PIV 116, or moreprecisely, to the PIV interface module 2002 where it can be retrieved bythe PIV operator through the user interface 132, and responded toaccordingly.

In some embodiments, the assignment data 1010 may also include anindication of the urgency of the assignment, or it may alternativelyinclude a deadline for delivery of the assignment. These indications maybe useful in many instances. For example, if a particular assignmentincludes cargo that must reach a loading dock before a particulartrailer 120 leaves the dock, the assignment may be flagged as urgent sothat PIVs operating in the facility may act based on the urgency bydropping a current assignment in order to first complete the urgentassignment dispatch.

The PIV dispatch management module 2000 may be configured to receivevarious data inputs shown in FIG. 10 in order to efficiently create theassignment data 1010. In one embodiment the PIV dispatch managementmodule 2000 generates assignment data 1010 based on input data which isreceived into the PIV dispatch management module 2000. The input dataincludes PIV location data 1002. PIV location data 1002 may provide thecurrent location of each PIV within the facility 100. The PIV locationdata 1002 may be sent via the wireless transceiver 126 of each PIV 116.The PIV location data 1002 may be generated by various means includingGPS technology, RFID technology, or some other locating device, and thedata may be in the form of a set of coordinates for each PIV operatingwithin the facility 100.

PIV dispatch management module 2000 also may receive route data 1004which allows it to determine an appropriate route to include in eachassignment record. In some embodiments, the route data 1004 may begenerated from a map of the operational space layout data 1012(discussed below) of the facility 100. The map may be generated bymapping software such as AutoCAD®, Visio®, or some other mappingsoftware. A digital version of the space layout of the facility 100 maybe included in each assignment record so that the PIV operator can usethe map to traverse the facility. In other embodiments, the route data1004 may include a series of routing instructions that indicate one ormore specific routes for traveling from one location to another withinthe facility. In yet another embodiment, the route data 1004 may becalculated on the fly in order to account for possible PIV trafficcongestion that may be present in an otherwise optimal route. Inaddition, route modifications may be calculated while the PIV is onroute based on traffic congestion within the facility 100. Instances ofPIV traffic congestion may be identified by receiving NV location data1002 and flagging defined areas in the facility 100 in which the numberof PIVs exceeds a defined threshold. When a calculated optimal routepasses through a congested area, an alternate route may be calculatedand provided to avoid the congestion.

PIV dispatch management module 2000 also processes driver availabilitydata 1006, which describes the status of PIVs and their operators, inorder to generate assignment data 1010. Driver availability data 1006may include a list of PIV operators currently on duty and available topick up cargo. The driver availability data 1006 may be derived by firstdetermining those operators currently on duty and operating a PIV. Thisinformation may be stored in a labor scheduling module 2008 (discussedin further detail below), or it may alternatively be stored in someelectronic time-tracking or ERP software application that is known inthe art. Next, the list of on-duty operators can be cross-referenced orcompared to a list of operators currently dispatched to a location 140within the warehouse facility 100. Those operators on the first list,but not on the second, may be flagged as being available for dispatch.

Driver availability data 1006 may also include next stop information forthose drivers/operators that are currently dispatched on an assignment.This information may be used to identify currently dispatched operatorsthat might be best situated for a particular assignment based on thedestination location of the current assignment.

PIV dispatch management module 2000 also receives tray/container data1008 which includes barcode and location data for trays 108 andcontainers 106 as they are scanned each time they arrive at a newlocation in the facility 100. As discussed above, the tray barcode 110and the container destination barcode 118 may be used to determine thenext location within with the facility 100 for each particular piece ofcargo. The PIV dispatch management module 2000 analyzes thetray/container data, and generates assignment data 1010 based on thetray/container data 1008.

Referring now to FIG. 12, the data flow for the PIV interface module2002 is provided. As previously discussed in connection with FIG. 11,the PIV interface module 2002 receives assignment data 1010 from the PIVdispatch management module 2000. Upon receiving the assignment data1010, the PIV interface module 2002 displays assignment details to theoperator of the PIV 116 on the display 134 of the user interface 132.

The PIV interface module 2002, in addition to receiving assignment data,may also be configured to generate and send data back to the network forprocessing by various other network components. This generated dataincludes PIV location data 1002, which may be generated at regularintervals and reported back to the PIV dispatch management module 2000and/or to the surface visibility module 2006.

In one embodiment, the PIV location data may generated based on dataprovided by a GPS receiver on the PIV 116 which is in communication withthe PIV interface module 2002. Alternatively, the PIV location data 1002may be determined based on assignment data 1010. In this embodiment, thePIV interface module 2002 determines whether the PIV is currentlydispatched on an assignment by examining the status of the most recentassignment data 1010 received into the PIV interface module 2002. Forexample, if the assignment data indicates that the PIV has picked up anassigned cargo, but has not yet delivered the cargo, the location data1002 may be structured to indicate that the PIV 116 is located at amidpoint between the pickup location and destination location reflectedin the assignment data 1010. The PIV interface module may also generateand store current tasking data which includes both the assignment beingcarried out by the PIV, and any future assignments that have been givento the PIV. In addition, the interface module 2002 may include driveravailability data which includes certification data for the operator ofthe PIV and shift data for the operator which provides details about theduration of the operator's shift. This allows the system to avoidassigning a task to a PIV operator who is due to come off shift beforethe task is completed, which would require reassignment of the task.

PIV interface module 2002 may also generate PIV usage data 1032. PIVusage data may include operational metrics such as total distancetraveled by the PIV 116, the number of operating hours, the total weightcarried over time, or some other data reflecting how the PIV 116 hasbeen used over a period of time. The PIV usage data 1032 may be capturedby various instruments that may be installed in the PIV 116 andconfigured to communicate with the PIV interface module. For example,the distanced traveled may be measured by an odometer, and this measureddistance may be communicated to the PIV interface module 2002. Inaddition to displaying the odometric information on the display 134, theuser interface 132 of the PIV interface module 2002 may also store thisinformation to be included with the PIV usage data 1032 that is sent.Similarly, the PIV 116 may be configured with an operating clock thatrecords the amount of time that the PIV is operating, and thisinformation may be communicated to the PIV interface module 2002 forstorage and further processing. In some embodiments, the PIV usage data1032 is sent over the network 130 to the maintenance management module2010. Based on that data, the maintenance management module 2010 may beconfigured to schedule routine maintenance for the PIV 116, as will bediscussed in greater detail below.

The PIV facility management system 1000 may also include the PIV dataanalysis module 2004 which functions as illustrated in FIG. 13. The PIVdata analysis module 2004 interfaces with various other modules in thesystem to provide an operational framework based on data collected fromthe various other subsystems and modules. This framework may be utilizedby the PIV dispatch management module 2000 to manage PIVs 116 within thefacility 100.

The PIV data analysis module 2004 includes various inputs from whichdata to be analyzed is received. In order to create the operationalframework for the PIV dispatch management module 2000, the PIV dataanalysis module 2004 may receive operational space layout data 1012 thathas been generated by a mapping tool. As noted previously in connectionwith FIG. 11, various software tools may be used to create theoperational layout data. These tools may include some computer assisteddesign (CAD) software such as Visio® or AutoCAD®, or some otherintegrated mapping tool known in the art. Based on the available spacein the facility 100, space layout data 1012 is used by the PIV dataanalysis module to generate specific route data 1004 to be provided tothe PIV dispatch management module 2000 for use in creating assignmentrecords which comprise the assignment data 1010 given to PIVs and theiroperators.

In some embodiments, the PIV data analysis module 2004 may also receiveworkload profile data 1014, airline workload profile data 1016, and PIVrouting data 1018, which may be used to compile PIV demand schedulingdata 1020. By combining and analyzing aspects of each of these datainputs, the PIV data analysis module 2004 is able to create a frameworkwithin which PIVs can be efficiently deployed. In addition, workloaddata may also be derived from the PIV dispatch management module 2000and analyzed through the data analysis module 2004 to provide additionalPIV routing instructions and even improved facility layoutconfigurations using advanced affinity and workload.

Workload profile data 1014 received by the PIV data analysis module 2004may include volume metrics of incoming cargo over time. Thesemeasurements may be provided by the surface visibility module 2006 asdiscussed above in connection with FIG. 10. In a mail processingenvironment, workload profile data 1014 may also include informationregarding the shape, the class, and the type of mail received duringcertain time intervals. Additionally, workload profile data 1014 mayalso be generated by the facility access and shipment tracking module2012 based on irregular shipments received that are not tracked throughthe surface visibility module due to their irregular nature.

In one embodiment, the facility access and shipment tracking module 2012and the surface visibility module 2006 may be configured to reportincoming volumes of mail to the PIV data analysis module 2004 at settime intervals. For example, each of the reporting modules may beconfigured to query its database to determine the amount of cargoarriving each hour. Upon completing their respective queries, thesurface visibility module 2006 and the facility access and shipmenttracking module 2012 may then send the query results over the network130 to the PIV data analysis module 2004.

In addition to receiving workload profile data 1014, the PIV dataanalysis module 2004 may also receive airline workload profile data 1016which may include measurements of high priority cargo brought to thefacility 100 that has been designated for air shipment. In an embodimentin which the facility is a mail processing facility, the high prioritycargo may include overnight mail or air-mail being sent overseas.Airline workload profile data 1016 may be tracked separately from firstclass or bulk mail because air mail and Express Mail may includedifferent barcode data that requires different treatment within thewarehouse facility 100.

As briefly discussed above, the PIV data analysis module 2004 may beconfigured to analyze the workload profile data to generate PIV demanddata 1020 which includes information regarding the anticipated demandfor PIV services at various times. The PIV data analysis module 2004 mayuse historical workload profile data to predict incoming cargo volumes.Based on these predicted incoming cargo volumes, the PIV data analysismodule may create a schedule of anticipated PIV demand data 1020 to sendto the labor scheduling module (as will be discussed further below). Inone embodiment, the PIV demand data 1020 is a weekly schedule thatindicates a minimum number of PIVs 116 necessary to accommodate thepredicted incoming volume of cargo for each hour in the week. The PIVdemand data 1020 may also provide an optimal number of PIVs 116 for eachhour in the week. In certain industries, where seasonal demand isvariable, the PIV demand data 1020 may be configured to account for thisvariability. By examining data reflecting incoming workload volume overseveral years, seasonal variations and trends can be accurately trackedand predicted.

In addition to the workload profile data, the PIV data analysis module2004 may also receive or generate PIV routing data 1018 which mayinclude average time measurements for dispatches from a first location140(1) to a second location 140(2). The PIV routing data 1018 may begenerated by examining pickup and delivery times entered into either thePIV dispatch management module 2000 or the surface visibility module2006, for certain PIV delivery routes. The PIV routing data 1018 may beused by the PIV data analysis module 2004 to periodically orcontinuously reevaluate the route data 1004 that it provides to the PIVdispatch management module 2000, so that it may determine whether thereare superior routes that can be added to the route data 1004. Forexample, where the route data 1004 is stored as a mapping table ofroutes between each location within the facility 100, the PIV routingdata 1018 may be used to evaluate whether certain PIV routes areinefficient.

Various external factors may lead to route inefficiency. For example, iftoo many location to location routes pass through the same area of thefacility 100, the traffic congestion may affect efficiency and requireadjustment of some of the routes. Thus if a particular route between twolocations regularly encounters delays, the PIV data analysis module 2004may be configured to provide an improved or alternate route between thetwo locations by analyzing secondary route options. Moreover, changes inthe space layout data 1012 may also affect the efficiency, accuracy, oreven the correctness of route data 1004. When these types of changes aredetected by the PIV data analysis module 2004 in the space layout data1012, the PIV data analysis module 2004 may be configured toautomatically recalculate route data 1004 and send it to the PIVdispatch management module 2000.

The facility management system 1000 may also include a labor schedulingmodule 2008 as shown in FIG. 14. The labor scheduling module 2008 isused to schedule and staff various locations in the facility 100. Thelabor scheduling module 2008 also schedules operators for PIVs 116. Thelabor scheduling module may receive and store location labor data 1030which includes the necessary man hours to staff each location 140 in thefacility 100 to achieve maximum efficiency.

Different locations in the facility will have different staffingrequirements. Moreover, certain locations may have staffing requirementsthat differ based on the volume of cargo passing through the facility100 at a given time. For example, in a mail processing environment, somelocations 140 may consist of mail sorting machines. These machines maybe staffed by two persons during normal operation. A first operator mayfeed mail pieces into the machine, while a second operator may managethe placement of output trays at the downstream discharge end of themail sorting device. However, during especially busy times, anadditional operator may be necessary to assist in loading the machine.The location labor data 1030 may be entered manually into the laborscheduling module 2008, or it may be received via network 130 from someother subsystem.

Based on the location labor data 1030, the labor scheduling module 2008may generate a location labor schedule and output it as locationscheduling data 1042. In generating the location scheduling data 1042,the labor scheduling module 2008 may be configured to assign operatorsto each location based on the number of operators needed at eachlocation. If the placement of additional operators at a particularlocation will increase efficiency, then the labor scheduling module maybe configured to assign extra operators based on availability. Thus, ifeach of the locations is at least minimally staffed, but there areoperators available for scheduling, the labor scheduling module mayplace additional operators throughout various locations 140 in thefacility 100.

The labor scheduling module 2008 may also be used to schedule and assignPIV operators to PIVs by creating PIV scheduling data 1044. The laborscheduling module receives PIV demand data 1020 from the PIV analysismodule 2004. As discussed above in connection with FIG. 13, the PIVdemand data 1020 may include both a minimal and an optimal staffinglevel. The labor scheduling module 2008 may create a PIV operatorschedule for each day by first ensuring that minimal staffingrequirements are met. Next, for those periods during which the minimaland optimal staffing levels are different, the labor scheduling module2008 may, based on operator availability, schedule additional operatorsfor PIV duty. In considering operator availability, the labor schedulingmodule 2008 may be provided with certain work rules to apply, such asunion labor agreement rules, which may affect the availability ofcertain operators by limiting their available hours and requiringcertain break periods during shifts.

Referring now to FIG. 15, a block diagram shows an example of a datainput/output scheme for the maintenance management module 2010. PIVs 116require regular maintenance to ensure that they operate reliably andsafely. The maintenance management module 2010 tracks and schedules theremoval of PIVs 116 from service for maintenance. Because PIVs 116 caneach have differing usage patterns and routines over time, themaintenance management module 2010 may consider total usage of a PIVwhen scheduling maintenance. For example, if one PIV in the fleet tendsto be used heavily, while another PIV in the fleet is used lessfrequently, the first PIV should be scheduled for routine maintenancemore often then the second PIV. In order to provide such scheduling, themaintenance management module 2010 may receive PIV usage data 1032 andPIV assignment data 1010 in order to determine the appropriate scheduleand then output the schedule as PIV maintenance data 1036.

As discussed above, the PIV assignment data 1010 may include a beginninglocation, a destination location, a PIV operator, a barcode number orsome other identifying information for the materials included in theassignment, the time and date of the assignment dispatch, and possiblyan operator associated with the assignment. This data may be sent to themaintenance management module 2010 as it is generated by the PIVdispatch management module 2000 and the PIV interface module 2002. ThePIV usage data 1032 for each PIV 116 in the fleet may be sent at regularintervals by the PIV interface module 2002 over the network to themaintenance module. As noted above, this data will include operationaldata about the PIV 116 which may be captured by various sensor and othermeasuring devices. The operational data may include total distancetraveled by the PIV 116, the number of operating hours, or some otherdata reflecting how the PIV 116 has been used over a period of time.

The maintenance management module 2010 receives both the PIV usage data1032 and the PIV assignment data 1010 to determine when maintenance isrequired and to further determine what maintenance may be required. Forexample, by analyzing the PIV assignment data 1010, which may includethe barcode ID of cargo picked up and delivered by the PIV 116 in eachassignment, the maintenance management module can derive the totalweight carried by a particular PIV 116 over time. As more weight iscarried over time, required maintenance for various parts of the PIV mayincrease. For example, by carrying additional weight over time, the wearand tear on tires may increase, because the additional pressure placedon the tires by the heavier cargo may cause the tires to deterioratemore quickly and to develop slow leaks. Thus, by analyzing the type orweight of cargo carried by the PIV 116 over time, the maintenancemanagement module can determine which type of inspections andpreventative maintenance are required.

The maintenance management module may also schedule maintenance based onthe PIV usage data 1032. The PIV 116 may require certain maintenancebased on the distance that it has traveled since the last scheduledmaintenance. By receiving the PIV usage data 1032 from the PIV operatorinterface 2002 of each PIV, the maintenance management module 2010 maycreate a schedule for required preventative maintenance for the entirePIV fleet in view of the differing requirements for each PIV 116. ThePIV maintenance data 1034 also may include scheduled and non scheduledmaintenance histories for each PIV 116. Maintaining a non-scheduledmaintenance history for each PIV 116 allows the PIVs susceptible tobreakdown to be identified and removed from the fleet.

The PIV maintenance data may further include a record of the batterycharge status in an environment where the PIVs are powered primarily viabattery or fuel cell. This information can be transmitted to themaintenance management module 2010 by configuring the interface module2002 of each PIV 116 to transmit the information via the network 130 ata set time interval, e.g., every 20 minutes. By collecting thisinformation in a single location, the maintenance management module 1010can be configured to ensure that at least a minimum number of PIVsalways have the required fuel or charge to be operational at all times.In another embodiment, the PIV maintenance data 1034 generated by themaintenance management module 2010 may further include scheduling dataregarding the next scheduled maintenance event for the PIV 116. Thegenerated PIV maintenance data 1036 may sent to the labor schedulingmodule 2008 which can use it to ensure that PIV operators scheduled towork by the labor scheduling module 2008 will have a functioning PIV 116throughout the duration of their shift.

In embodiments where the facility 100 is a mail processing facility,postal parcels and other cargo may in some instances be of an irregularor special handling type that is treated differently than standardcargo. For example, bulk mailers such as catalog companies may bringtheir catalogs directly to the facility 100 for shipment as bulk mailrather than taking the bulk mail shipment to a post office. Because ofthe volume of mail which may be included in a delivery of this type, theparty bringing the irregular delivery to the facility 100 may berequired to give advance notice of the delivery to allow appropriatestaffing measures to be taken.

With reference to FIG. 16, a facility access and shipment trackingmodule 2012 is provided which may be used to manage the process ofreceiving irregular cargo such as bulk mail shipments, for example.Although the facility access and shipment tracking module is describedin terms view of bulk mail shipments, one of skill in the art willappreciate that various other types of irregular mail such as oversizedpackages, delicate or fragile packages, or other types of non-mail cargohaving some irregularity may be managed similarly.

When a bulk mailer wishes to deliver a truckload of bulk mail to afacility, it sends a request to the facility access and shipmenttracking module via the computer network 130. In one embodiment, thisrequest is sent over the Internet via a secure web site in a mannerknown in the art. The bulk mailer may then schedule a drop-off time bysubmitting incoming irregular cargo notification data 1040. Theirregular cargo notification data 1040 may include the drop off time,the type of cargo being dropped off, any special handling proceduresnecessary, and additional data relating to the nature of the shipment.Based on the data entered into the facility access and shipment trackingmodule 2012, workload profile data 1014 and workload measurement data1038 are generated and sent to the PIV analysis module 2004 where it isused to create PIV demand scheduling data 1020 as described above inconnection with FIG. 13.

With reference to FIG. 17, an additional embodiment of the inventionprovides a method of managing the use of powered industrial vehicles(PIVs) in a facility. Although the method described herein is carriedout primarily in PIV dispatch management module 2000, one of skill inthe art will appreciate that various system components may perform thesteps described herein without departing from the scope of theinvention.

At block 1702, PIV dispatch management module 2000 receives a request totransport cargo from a first location to a second location within thewarehouse facility 100. As discussed above, this request may be createdby the surface visibility module or it may be manually entered into thePIV dispatch management module 2000. Based on driver availability data1006, tray/container data 1008, optimal route data 1004, and current PIVlocation data 1002, the PIV dispatch management module 2000 selects aPIV to carry out the request at block 1704. Next, at block 1706, the PIVdispatch management module 2000 sends a notification to the selected PIV116 about the request. The notification may include assignment data 1010such as cargo or container identification code, a cargo or containerlocation, a cargo or container destination, and an optimal route. Nextat block 1708, the PIV dispatch management module receives anacknowledgement from the PIV of receipt of the notification. The methodthen proceeds to block 1710, where the scanner 14 scans the containeridentification code, and associates the container with its new locationat step 1712.

In yet another embodiment, the system may create on-demand routes in thefacility for PIVs to carry out dispatched assignments in real-time. Asnoted above, there are instances where non-regular assignments becomenecessary in the facility. Sometimes there are available PIVs that arenot in current utilization but are on “standby” which may be easilytasked to carry out the assignment. However, in some instances, all PIVsare in the field, and none are available to immediately act on thenon-regular assignment.

FIG. 18 illustrates one embodiment of a method by which on-demand routesmay be created and assigned to PIVs to carry out non-regular assignmentswithin the facility 100 by utilizing current information about the PIVsoperating in the facility in order to select an optimal PIV and anoptimal route for the PIV for carrying out the task. In one embodiment,the method is primarily carried out by the PIV dispatch managementmodule 2000. However, various combinations of the above describedmodules may be used to carry out the method.

At block 1800, the system receives a dispatch order for cargo. Asindicated above, the dispatch order may be entered into the PIV dispatchmanagement module 2000. The dispatch order may include, among otherthings, a current location of the cargo to be transported, and adelivery location within the facility 100.

Next, at block 1802, the system receives data about the PIVs 116operating in the facility 100. This data may include various aspectsabout the current operating environment. For example, the received datamay include current location data for the PIVs currently in operation.As described above, this data may be obtained via sensors communicatingwith the network via the transponder or transceiver on the PIV. The datamay also include current tasking data for each PIV that indicates all ofthe assignments that the PIV is scheduled to carry out. The data mayalso include driver availability data that indicates whether thedriver's shift is nearing its end, or if the driver has an upcomingbreak scheduled. The data may also include battery charge data measuredby battery sensors 138 which provides an indication of whether the PIVhas enough fuel or charge to carry out the dispatch order.

Next at block 1804, the system processes the information received inorder to select a PIV to pickup the cargo. In selecting the PIV, thesystem may be configured to create a selection index. The selectionindex may include the location of the PIVs in the facility, with thosePIVs situated or heading toward the pickup location being ranked higher.Current tasking data may also be included in the index, with those PIVshaving tasks that will be completed near the pickup point being rankedhigher than those with tasks end that far away from the pickup location.The driver availability data may be similarly included in the selectionindex, where PIVs with drivers coming off of their shift are rankedlower than others, or possibly are even removed from consideration. Theselection index may also exclude PIVs if their battery charge dataindicates insufficient power remaining to carry out the task. Once theselection index has been created and populated, the system scans theselection index. First, it eliminates those PIVs with insufficient powerto carry out the task. Next, it eliminates those PIVs with drivers whoseshifts end prior to the task completion time. If there is a PIV within athreshold distance of the pickup point that is untasked, that PIV isselected. If all untasked PIVs are outside of the threshold distance,the system will consider currently tasked PIVs with current taskdeliveries within a threshold distance of the pickup location. If thetotal time that it will take to complete the current task and proceed tothe pickup location is less than the time it would take the bestsituated untasked PIV to proceed to the pickup location, the currentlytasked PIV is selected. Otherwise, the currently untasked PIV isselected.

Next, at block 1806, the system defines a route for the selected PIV toproceed from its current location to the pickup location of the cargo.In one embodiment, the system utilizes the space layout data 1012 togenerate a number of possible routes from the current location of theselected PIV to the current location of the cargo. These routes may begenerated utilizing various methods, including general purposecommercial route definition software (such as Autocad®), or they may begenerated using known techniques for solving generic vehicle routingproblems that are known in the art such as a Clarke and Wright SavingsAlgorithm or some other routing algorithm. In determining these routes,the system examines any current tasks that the selected PIV may berequired to complete prior to engaging the new dispatch. From the endpoint of each current task for the PIVs, the system calculates adistance for each of the possible routes. The system then selects theshortest route among the group.

Once the system has selected the PIV to carry out the dispatch, andselected the route over which the selected PIV will travel, at block1808, the system sends the on-demand route along with the cargoidentification to the interface module 2002 of the PIV. Once received bythe interface module, a light may flash on the user interface,indicating to the operator of the PIV that a message is waiting to beread. In one embodiment, the actual message may not be displayed untilthe operator has brought the PIV to a stop. This prevents the operatorof the PIV from being distracted while operating the PIV.

In still other embodiments, the on-demand route may be defined in viewof the traffic flows and congestion within the facility 100. Forexample, when the potential routes for PIV have been identified, if thenumber of other PIVs operating on a given route exceed a certainthreshold, then that route will not be selected due to heavy trafficcongestion. This threshold may be predetermined based on the typicaltraffic patterns in the facility 100. In a facility where the thresholdis set to 10, if the shortest route has 14 PIVs operating on it, thenthe system will bypass this route and analyze the next shortest routeinstead. If that route still has too many PIVs operating on the route,then the system will move to the next shortest route until one is foundthat is within the threshold. In PIV operating environments such asfacility 100, the PIV traffic patterns may be very fluid. Because ofthis fluidity, the system defines an on demand route for a selected PIVbased on traffic flows within the facility, those traffic flows maymaterially change before the PIV traverses the route. In yet anotherembodiment, the system may be configured to account for thefast-changing traffic situation within the facility by first determinethe route from the current location of the selected PIV to the locationof the cargo. However, the system does not immediately define the routefrom the pickup location of the cargo to the delivery or destinationlocation of the cargo. Instead, the system waits until the PIV is onroute to the pickup location, and then it begins to calculate the routefrom the pickup location of the cargo to the destination location forthe cargo.

It will be understood by those of skill in the art that numerous andvarious modifications can be made without departing from the spirit ofthe present invention. Therefore, it should be clearly understood thatthe forms of the invention are illustrative only and are not intended tolimit the scope of the invention.

1. A vehicle configured to increase safety while transporting an itemfrom a first location to a second location, the vehicle comprising: anodometric sensor configured to determine a distance traveled by thevehicle; a speedometer configured to determine the vehicle speed; aweight sensor configured to determine a load applied to the vehicle; acollision sensor configured to detect a collision; an interface moduleconnected to the odometric sensor, the speedometer, and the weightsensor, the interface module comprising: a processor; a memory; and auser interface configured to provide information to a user and toreceive inputs from the user; wherein the interface module is configuredto receive information from the odometric sensor, the speedometer, theweight sensor, and the collision sensor to identify a collision and todetermine an operating characteristic of the vehicle existing during thecollision.
 2. The vehicle in claim 1, wherein the interface module isconfigured to determine the distance traveled by the vehicle under afirst load condition.
 3. The vehicle of claim 2, wherein the first loadcondition occurs when the vehicle is transporting the item.
 4. Thevehicle of claim 2, wherein the first load condition occurs when thevehicle is not transporting the item.
 5. The vehicle of claim 1, whereinthe user interface module is configured to determine a vehicle speedunder a first load condition.
 6. The vehicle of claim 5, wherein thefirst load condition occurs when the vehicle is transporting the item.7. The vehicle of claim 5, wherein the first load condition occurs whenthe vehicle is not transporting the item.
 8. The vehicle of claim 1,wherein the weight sensor comprises a first weight sensor and a secondweight sensor.
 9. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein the first weightsensor is configured to determine the load applied to the vehicle by anitem that is supported by the vehicle and the second weight sensor isconfigured to determine the load applied to the vehicle by an item thatis pulled by the vehicle.
 10. A method of generating routing data for avehicle configured to transport an item from a first location to asecond location, the method comprising: receiving an indicator of adistance travelled by a first vehicle; receiving an indicator of a speedof the first vehicle; receiving an indicator of a first load applied tothe first vehicle; determining an operating characteristic of the firstvehicle based on a combination of the indicator of distance travelled bythe first vehicle, the indicator of the first vehicle speed, and theindicator of the first load applied to the first vehicle; receiving anoperating characteristic of a second vehicle; generating routing databased on the operating characteristics of the first and second vehicles.11. The method of claim 10, further comprising receiving an indicator ofa second load applied to the first vehicle.
 12. The method of claim 11,wherein the indicator of the first load corresponds to the first vehicleload condition arising when the first vehicle transports the item. 13.The method of claim 12, wherein the indicator of the second loadcorresponds to the first vehicle load condition arising when the firstvehicle does not transport the item.
 14. The method of claim 13 whereinthe first operating characteristic relates to the indicator of the firstload.
 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising determining asecond operating characteristic of the first vehicle based on acombination of the indicator of distance travelled by the first vehicle,the indicator of the first vehicle speed, and the indicator of thesecond load applied to the first vehicle.
 16. The method of claim 15,further comprising transmitting the second operating characteristic ofthe first vehicle.
 17. The method of claim 10, further comprisingtransmitting the first operating characteristic of the first vehicle.18. A system configured to manage the transport of an item from a firstlocation to a second location, the system comprising: means fordetermining a distance traveled by a first vehicle; means fordetermining a first vehicle location; means for determining a speed ofthe first vehicle; means for determining a load applied to the firstvehicle; means for the determining an operating characteristic of thefirst vehicle based on a combination of the distance travelled by thefirst vehicle, the first vehicle location, the first vehicle speed, andthe load applied to the first vehicle; and a PIV interface modulecomprising: means for receiving an operating characteristic of the firstvehicle and of a second vehicle; means for generating routing data basedon the operating characteristics of the first and second vehicles. 19.The system of claim 18 wherein the means for determining a load appliedto the first vehicle is configured to determine a load applied to thefirst vehicle by pulling the item.
 20. The system of claim 18 whereinthe means for determining a load applied to the first vehicle isconfigured to determine a load applied to the first vehicle bysupporting the item.
 21. The system of claim 18 further comprising meansfor determining the distance travelled by the first vehicle whiletransporting the item and for determining the distance travelled by thefirst vehicle while not transporting the item, wherein the distancetravelled by the first vehicle while transporting the item and thedistance travelled by the first vehicle while not transporting the itemare used in determining an operating characteristic of the firstvehicle.